WAR AND PEACE Change and Genius. NGẪU NHIỀN và THIÊN TÀI.
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If
we admit that human life can ruled by reason, the possibility of life is destroyed. If we assume as the historians do that great men lead humanity to the attainment of certain ends--the greatness of Russia or of France, the balance of power in Europe, the diffusion of the ideas of the Revolution, general progress, or anything else--then it is impossible to explain the facts of history without introducing the conceptions of chance and genius. If the aim of the European wars at the beginning of the nineteenth century had been the aggrandizement of Russia, that aim might have been accomplished without all the preceding wars and without the invasion. If the aim was the aggrandizement of France, that might have been attained without the Revolution and without the Empire. If the aim was the dissemination of ideas, the printing press could have accomplished that much better than warfare. If the aim was the progress of civilization, it is easy to see that there are other ways of diffusing civilization more expedient than by the destruction of wealth and of human lives. Why did it happen in this and not in some other way? Because it happened so! "Chace created the situation; genius utilized it," says history. But what is chance? What is genius? The words chance and genius do not denote any really existing thing and therefore cannot be defined. Those words only denote a certain stage of understanding of phenomena. I do not know why a certain event occurs; I think that I cannot know it; so I do not try to know it and I talk about chance. I see a force producing effects beyond the scope of ordinary human egencies; I do not understand why this occurs and I talk of genius.
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Cho rằng đời sống của nhân lọai có thể chỉ huy đuợc bằng lí trí là phủ
nhận khả năng tồn tại của sự sống.(vn486) Nếu chúng thừa nhận như các sử gia rằng các vĩ nhân đă dẫn dắt nhân lọai tới những mục đích nhất định -- hoặc là sự cuờng thịnh của Nga hay của Pháp, hoặc là thế quân b́nh của Châu Âu, hoặc là sự truyền bá những tư tuởng cách mạng, họăc là sự tiến bộ của nhân lọai -- th́ chúng ta sẽ không thể giảng đuợc những biến cố của lịch sử mà không dùng đến ư niệm NGẪU NHIỀN và THIÊN TÀI. Nếu mục đích của các cuộc chiến tranh tại Châu Âu ở đầu thế kỷ thư 19, là sự cuờng thịnh của Nga th́ nó có thể đạt đuợc mà không cần đến tất cả các cuộc chiến tranh đă xảy ra truớc khi có cuộc xâm lăng Nga, mà cũng chẳng cần có cuộc Cách mạng, và cũng không cần có Đế Chế. Nếu mục đích đó là sự truyền bá tư tuởng th́ công việc ấn lóat c̣n có kết quả hơn quân đội nhiều. Nếu mục đích đó là sự tiến bộ văn minh th́ chăng khó khăn ǵ cũng nhận thấy ngay rằng có những cách hiệu nghiệm hơn các cách bắn giết đồng lọai, tiêu hủy tài sản để truyền bá văn minh. Vậy th́ tại sao sự việc lại xảy ra như vậy
chứ không xảy ra khác hơn? Những danh từ Ngẫu Nhiên và Thiên Tài không chỉ định một cái ǵ có thực cả, cho nên không thể định nghĩa đuợc. Khi tôi không biết tại sao một hiện tuợng nào đó xảy ra; tôi cho rằng tôi không có khả năng hiểu nổi, v́ vậy tôi không cố gắng t́m hiểu điều đó nữa, và tôi cho đó là: Ngẫu nhiên. Khi tôi thấy một sức mạnh gây một tác động vuợt hẳn những năng lực thông thuờng của con nguời; tôi không hiểu tại sao lại xảy ra như vậy, và tôi cho là Thiên Tại
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To a herd of rams, the ram the herdsman drives each evening into a special enclosure to feed and that becomes twice as fat as the others must seem to be a genius. And it must appear an astonishing conjunction of genius with a whole series of extraordinary chances that this ram, who instead of getting into the general fold every evening goes into a special enclosure where there are oats--that this very ram, welling with fat, is killed for meat. But the rams need only cease to suppose that all that happens to them happens solely for the attainment of their sheepish aims; they need only admit that what happens to them may also have purposes beyond their ken, and they will at once perceive a unity and coherence in what happened to the ram that was fattened. Even if they do not know for what purpose they are fattened, they will at least know that all that happened to the ram did not happen accidentally, and will no longer need the conceptions of chance or genius.
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Một con cừu đuợc nguời chăn cừu dắt vào một chuồng riêng để săn sóc đặc biệt riêng vào mỗi buổi chiều, nó trở nên béo mập gấp hai những con cừu khác, và những con cừu khác sẽ cho con cừu mập là một Thiên Tài. Và cái hiện tuợng là chiều nào cũng vẫn con cừu đó đuợc dắt vào một cái chuồng riêng chứ không vô trong cái chuồng chung, để đuợc ăn cái phần kiều mạch riêng cho nó, rồi lại chính con cừu mập ú đó bị đem ra làm thịt; hiện tuợng đó tất phải đuợc coi là một phối hợp kỳ dị giữa Thiên Tài và một lọat các Ngẫu nhiên. Nhưng nếu bầy cừu chỉ cần đừng nghĩ rằng những điều xảy ra cho chúng là để nhằm mục đích lấy lông da; thay vào đó bầy cừu chỉ cần nhận ra rằng có những mục đích khác hơn mục đích lây lông da; là chúng sẽ hiểu ngay tính cách nhất quán và hữu lư của việc con cừu mập bị làm thịt. Ngay cả khi bầy cừu không hiểu đuợc một con cừu đuợc nuôi cho mập để nhằm vào một mục đích ǵ, th́ ít nhất bầy cừu cũng hiểu rằng tất cả những điều xảy ra cho con cừu mập không phải là không có lư do, và bầy cừu sẽ không cần đến khái niệm về Ngẫu nhiên và Thiên Tài nữa. |
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Only by renouncing our claim to discern a purpose immediately intelligible to us, and admitting the ultimate purpose to be beyond our ken, may we discern the sequence of experiences in the lives of historic characters and perceive the cause of the effect they produce (incommensurable with ordinary capabilities), and then the words chance and genius become superfluous.
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Chỉ khi nào chúng ta bỏ đi cái việc t́m hiểu những mục đích có thể hiểu đuợc, và công nhận rằng có những mục đích ở ng̣ai sự hiểu biết thông thuờng của chúng ta, th́ chúng ta mới có thể nhận ra được những liên tục hữu lư của các nhân vật lịch sử; lúc đó chúng ta cũng nhận ra đuợc những nguyên nhân gây ra sự bất tuơng xứng giữa những hành động của họ và năng lực thông thuờng của ḷai nguời, và cũng nhận ra sự vô dụng của các danh từ Ngẫu nhiên và Thiên Tài. |
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We need
only confess that we do not know the purpose of the European convulsions and that we know
only the facts--that is, the murders, first in France, then Italy, in Africa, in Prussia,
in Austria, in Spain, and in Russia--and that the movements from the west to the east and
from the east to the west from the essence and purpose of these events, and not only what
we have no need to see exceptional ability and genius in Napoleon and Alexander, but we
shall be unable to consider them to be anything but like other men, and we shall not be
obliged to have recourse to chance for an explanation of those small events which made
these people what they were, but it will be clear that all those small events were
inevitable. By discarding a claim to knowledge of the ultimate purpose, we shall clearly perceive that just as one cannot imagine a blossom or seed for any single plant better suited to it than those it produces, so it is impossible to imagine any two people more completely adapted down to the smallest detail for the purpose they had to fulfill, than Napoleon and Alexander with all their antecedents. |
Chúng ta chỉ cần thú nhận rằng
chúng ta không biết đuợc mục đích tạo ra các biến động tại Châu âu, và chúng
ta chỉ biết những sự kiện: --- những vụ tàn sát truớc tiên xảy ra ơ Pháp,
rồi sau đó ở Ư, Châu Phi, Phổ, Áo, Y Pha Nho, và ở Nga--- Chúng ta chỉ biết
rằng sự chuyển động từ Tây sang Đông, rồi từ Đông sang Tây đều là thực chất
tạo ra các biến cố tàn sát ấy; và không những chúng ta không c̣n thấy cái ǵ
là khả năng độc đáo Thiên tài trong Napoleon và Alexander nữa, mà chúng ta
c̣n không thể xem họ khác hơn nhừng con nguời b́nh thuờng. Chúng ta sẽ
không c̣n cần đến từ Ngẫu Nhiên để giải đáp những biến cố nhỏ đă khiến nguời
này nguời nọ thành các nhân vật lịch sử, và chúng ta cũng nhận ra rằng những
biến cố nhỏ đó là không tránh khỏi. Bằng cách bỏ đi cái ư tuởng là chúng ta có thể biết được cứu cánh của nhân lọai, chúng ta sẽ dễ dàng nhận ra rằng: giống như những hạt giống sẽ sản sinh ra những cây giông như cây mẹ sản xuất ra chúng; hai nhân vật Napoleon và Alexander ra đời với tất cả các chi tiết nhỏ nhặt của bản thân đều thích hợp với sứ mạng phải thực hiện của họ |
| Chapter III | Chuơng III (473) |
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The fundamental and essential significance of the European events
of the beginning of the nineteenth century lies in the movement of the mass of the
European peoples from west to east and afterwards from east to west. The
commencement of that movement was the movement from west to east. For the peoples of
the west to be able to make their warlike movement to Moscow it was necessary: (1)
that they should form themselves into a military group of a size able to endure a
collision with the warlike military group of the east, (2) that during their
military movement they should have at their head a man who could justify to himself and
them the deceptions, robberies, and murders which would have to be committed during that
movement. And beginning with the French Revolution the old inadequately large group was destroyed, as well as the old habits and traditions, and step by step a group was formed of larger dimensions with new customs and traditions, and a man was produced who would stand at the head of the coming movement and bear the responsibility for all that had to be done. A man without convictions, without habits, without traditions, without a name, and not even a Frenchman, emerges--by what seem the strangest chances--from among all the seething French parties, and without joining any one of them is borne forward to a prominent position. |
Sự kiện căn bản và cốt
lơi trong các biến cố của Châu Âu đầu thế kỷ XIX là cuộc di chuyển của
cả khối dân Châu Âu từ Tây sang Đông, rồi sau đó lại từ Đông sang Tây.
Đầu tiên là di chuyển từ Tây sang Đông. Để cho các dân tộc phuơng Tây có thể
tiến quân tới Moscow, th́ cần có các điều kiện sau: (1) Họ phải tập hợp
thành một khối chiến đấu đủ mạnh và lớn để có thể chạm trán với khối
chiến đấu của phuơng Đông, (2) trong cuộc tấn công, họ phải có một nguời cầm
đầu có thể biện gỉai --- vừa cho bản thân, vừa cho họ--- những hành động
giảo quyệt, cuớp bóc, tàn sát nhất định sẽ xăy ra trong cuộc hành quân đó. Mới đầu tổ chức tổ chức cũ của các lực luợng không đủ lớn rộng đă bị cuộc cách mạng tại Pháp làm cho tan ră cùng với những truyền thống và tập quán cũ của nó; rồi một tổ chức mới từng buớc thành h́nh trên một qui mô to lớn hơn cả cái cũ với các tập quán và truyền thống mới; và rồi một lănh đạo mới đại diện cho cuộc di chuyển sẳn sàng lănh trách nhiệm các biến cố sẽ xảy ra. Nguời lănh đạo đó vốn không có chủ kiến, không tập quán, không truyền thống, không tên tuổi, mà cũng không phải là nguời Pháp nữa -- h́nh như nhờ vào một sự ngẫu nhiên kỳ dị --- đă len lỏi vào đuợc tất cả các đảng phái đuơng làm sôi động nuờc Pháp, dù không gia nhập hẳn vào một đảng phái nào mà lại đuợc được đưa lên hàng đầu.
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The ignorance of his colleagues, the weakness and insignificance
of his opponents, the frankness of his falsehoods, and the dazzling and self-confident
limitations of this man raise him to the head of the army. The brilliant
qualities of the soldiers of the army sent to Italy, his opponents' reluctance to fight
and his own childish
audacity and self-confidence secure him military fame. Innumerable so-called chances accompany him everywhere. The disfavor into which he falls with the rulers of France turns to his advantage. His attempts to avoid his predestined path are unsuccessful: he is not received into the Russian service, and the appointment he seeks in Turkey comes to nothing. During the war in Italy he is several times on the verge of destruction and each time is saved in an unexpected manner. Owing to various diplomatic considerations the Russian armies--just those which might have destroyed his prestige--do not appear upon the scene till he is no longer there.
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Sự
ngu dốt của các bạn đồng sự, cộng với sự bất tài của các đối thủ, sự
không tính tóan trước, sự thiển cận với vẻ hào nhóang tự tin đă đưa ông ta
lên vị trí hàng đầu của quân đội. Sự ưu tú
của đ̣an quân viễn chinh Ư của ông, sự chán ngán không muốn chiến đấu của
quân đối phuơng, sự táo bạo và tự phụ ngây đến mức ngây thơ đă làm cho ông
ta lừng danh về quân sự.
Vô số truờng hợp may mắn đă đến với ông ta trong mọi nơi. Việc ông ta bị nhà cầm quyền Pháp ghét trở thành điều có lợi cho ông ta. Những cố gắng của ông ta trong việc chuyển sang các con đuờng khác đều thất bại; người ta không cho ông ta phục vụ tại Nga; ông ta xin qua Thổ cũng bị từ chối. Trong chiến tranh với Ư nhiều lần ông ta xúyt chết mà cuối cùng đă thóat đuợc một cách bất ngờ. Quân đội Nga là một quân đội duy nhất có thể tiêu hủy các vinh quang của ông ta, th́ lại v́ một lư dó ngọai giao đă không tiến vào Châu Âu khi ông ta c̣n ở đấy. |
On his return from Italy he finds the government in Paris in a process of dissolution in which all those who are in it are inevitably wiped out and destroyed. And by chance an escape from this dangerous position presents itself in the form of an aimless and senseless expedition to Africa. Again so-called chance accompanies him. Impregnable Malta surrenders without a shot; his most reckless schemes are crowned with success. The enemy's fleet, which subsequently did not let a single boat pass, allows his entire army to elude it. In Africa a whole series of outrages are committed against the almost unarmed inhabitants. And the men who is admirable, this is glory-it resembles Caesar and Alexander the Great and is therefore good. This ideal of glory and grandeur--which consists not merely in considering nothing wrong that one does but in priding oneself on every crime one commits, ascribing to it an incomprehensible supernatural significance--that ideal, destined to guide this man and his associates, had scope for its development in Africa. Whatever he does succeeds. The plague does not touch him. The cruelty of murdering prisoners is not imputed to him as a fault. His childishly rash, uncalled-for, and ignoble departure from Africa, leaving his comrades in distress, is set down to his credit, and again the enemy's fleet twice lets him slip past. When intoxicated by the crimes he has committed so successfully, he reaches Paris, the dissolution of the republican government, which a year earlier might have ruined him, has reached its extreme limit, and his presence there now as a newcomer free from party entanglements can only serve to exalt him--and though he himself has no plan, he is quite ready for his new role. |
Khi ông ta trở về từ Ư, thấy chính phủ Paris đang ở trong t́nh trạng tan ră và những kẻ trong chính phủ ấy không thể nào tránh bị quét sạch và tiêu diệt. Thế rồi một dịp may đă đến giúp ông ta thóat khỏi t́nh thế nguy hiểm ấy, đó là cuộc viễn chinh vào Châu Phi một cách ngu ngốc không mục tiêu, vô lư. Lại một lần nữa may mắn đă đến với ông ta. |
| He had no
plan, he was afraid of everything, but the parties snatched at him and demanded his
participation. He alone--with his ideal of glory and grandeur developed in Italy and Egypt, his insane self-adulation, his boldness in crime and frankness in lying--he alone could justify what had to be done. He is needed for the place that waits him, and so almost apart from his will and despite his indecision, his lack of a plan, and all his mistakes, he is drawn into a conspiracy that aims at seizing power and the conspiracy is crowned with success. He is pushed into a meeting of the legislature. In alarm he wishes to flee, considering himself lost. He pretends to fall into a swoon and says senseless things that should have ruined him. But the once proud and shrewd rulers of France, feeling that their part is played out, are even more bewildered than he, and do not say the words they should have said to destroy him and retain their power. Chance, millions of chances, give him power, and all men as if by agreement co-operate to confirm that power. Chance forms the characters of the rulers of France, who submit to him; chance forms the character of Paul I of Russia who recognizes his government; chance contrives a plot against him which not only fails to harm him but confirms his power. Chance puts the Duc d'Enghien in his hands and unexpectedly causes him to kill him--thereby convincing the mob more forcibly that in any other way that he had the right, since he had the might. Chance contrives that though he directs all his efforts to prepare an expedition against England (which would inevitably have ruined him) he never carries out that intention, but unexpectedly falls upon Mack and the Austrians, who surrender without a battle. Chance and Genius give him the victory at Austerlitz; and by chance all men, not only the French but al Europe--except England which does not take part in the events a bout to happen-- despite their former horror and detestation of his crimes, now recognize his authority, the title he has given himself, and his ideal of grandeur and glory, which seem excellent and reasonable to them all. As if measuring themselves and preparing for the coming movement, the western forces push toward the east several times in 1805, 1806, 1807, and 1809, gaining strength and growing. In 1811 the group of people that had formed in France unites into one group with the people of Central Europe. The strength of the justification of the man who stands at the head of the movement grows with the increased size of the group. During the ten-year preparatory period this man had formed relations with all the crowned heads of Europe. The discredited rulers of the world can oppose no reasonable ideal to the insensate Napoleonic ideal of glory and grandeur. One after another they hasten to display their insignificance before him, The King of Prussia sends his wife to seek the great man's mercy; the Emperor of Austria considers it a favor that this man receives a daughter of the Caesars into his bed; the Pope, the guardian of all that nations hold sacred, utilizes religion for the aggrandizement of the great man. It is not Napoleon who prepares himself for the accomplishment of his role, so much as all those round him who prepare him to take on himself the whole responsibility for that is happening and has to happen. There is no step, no crime or petty fraud he commits, which in the mouths of those around him is not at once represented as a great deed. The most suitable fete the Germans can devise for him is a celebration of Jena and Auerstadt. Not only is he great, but so are his ancestors, his brothers, his stepsons, and his brothers-in-law. Everything is done to deprive him of the remains of his reason and to prepare him for his terrible part. And when he is ready so too are the forces. |
| The
invasion pushes eastward and raches its final goal--Moscow. That city is taken; the
Russian army suffers heavier losses than the opposing armies had suffered in the former
war from Austerlitz to Wagram. But suddenly instead of those chances
and that genius which hitherto had to consistently led him by
uninterrupted series of successes to the predestined goal, an innumerable sequence of inverse
chances occur--from the cold in his head at Borodino to the sparks which set
Moscow on fire, and the frosts--and instead of genius, stupidity and
immeasurable baseness become evident. The invaders flee, turn back, flee again, and all the chances are now not for Napoleon but always against him. A countermovement is then accomplished from east to west with a remarkable resemblance tot he preceding movement from the west to east. Attempted drives from east to west--similar to the contrary movements of 1805, 1807, and 1809--precede the great westward movement; there is the same coalescence into a group of enormous dimensions; the same hesitation midway, and the same increasing rapidity as the goal is approached. Paris, the ultimate goal is reached. The Napoleonic government and army are destroyed. Napoleon himself is no longer of any account; all his actions are evidently pitiful and mean, but again an inexplicable chance occurs. The allies detest Napoleon whom they regard as the cause of their sufferings. Deprived of power and authority, his crimes and his craft exposed, he should have appeared to them what he appeared ten years previously and one year later--an outlawed brigand. But by some strange chance no one perceives this. His part is not yet ended. The man who ten years before and a year later was considered an outlawed brigand is sent to an island two days' sial from France, which for some reason is presented to him as his dominion, and guards are given to him and millions of money are paid him. |
| The flood of nations begins to subside into its normal
channels. The waves of the great movement abate, and on the calm surface eddies are
formed in which float the diplomatists, who imagine that they have caused the floods to
abate. But the smooth sea again suddenly becomes disturbed. The diplomatists think that their disagreements are the cause of this fresh pressure of natural forces; they anticipate war between their sovereigns; the position seems to them insoluble. But the wave they feel to be rising does not come from the quarter the expect. It rises again from the same point as before--Paris. The last backwash of the movement from the west occurs: a backwash which serves to solve the apparently insuperable diplomatic difficulties and ends the military movement of the period of history. The man who had devastated France returns to France alone, without any conspiracy and without soldiers. Any guard might arrest him, but by a strange chance no one does so and all rapturously greet the man they cursed the day before and will curse again a month later. This man is still needed to justify the final collective act. That act is performed. That last role is played. The actor is bidden to disrobe and wash off his powder and paint: he will not be wanted any more. And some years pass during which he plays a pitiful comedy to himself in solitude on his island, justifying his actions by intrigues and lies when the justification is no longer needed, and displaying to the whole world what it was that people had mistaken for strength as long as an unseen hand directed his actions. The manager having brought the drama to a close and stripped the actor shows him to us. "See what you believed in! This is he! Do you now see that it was not he but I who moved you?" But dazed by the force of the movement, it was long before people understood this. Still greater coherence and inevitability is seen in the life of Alexander I, the man who stood at the head of the countermovement from east to west. What was needed for him, overshadowing others, stood at the head of that movement from east to west? What was needed was a sense of justice and sympathy with European affairs, but a remote sympathy not dulled by petty interests; a moral superiority over those sovereigns of the day who co-operated with him; a mid and attractive personality; and a personal grievance against Napoleon. And all this was found in Alexander I; all this had been prepared by innumerable so-called chances in his life; his education, his early liberalism, the advisers who surrounded him and by Austerlitz, and Tilsit, and Erfurt. During the national war he was inactive because he was not needed. But as soon as the necessity for a general European war presented itself he appeared in his place at the given moment and, uniting the nations of Europe, led them to the goal. The goal is reached. After the final war of 1815 Alexander possesses all possible power. How does he use it? Alexander I--the pacificer of Europe, the man who from his early years had striven only for his people's welfare, the originator of the liberal innovations in his fatherland--now that he seemed to possess the utmost power and therefore to have the possibility of bringing about the welfare of his peoples--at the time when Napoleon in exile was drawing up childish and mendacious plans of how he would have made mankind happy had he retained power--Alexander I, having fulfilled his mission and feeling the hand of God upon him, suddenly recognizes the insignificance of that supposed power, turns away from it, and gives it into the hands of contemptible men whom he despises, saying only: "Not unto us, not unto us, but unto Thy name!...I too am a man like the rest of you. Let me live like a man and think of my soul and of God." As the sun and each atom of ether is a sphere complete in itself, and yet at the same time only a part of a whole too immense for man to comprehend, so each individual has within himself his own aims and yet has them to serve a general purpose incomprehensible to man. A bee settling on a flower has stung a child. And the child is afraid of bees and declares that bees exists to sting people. A poet admires the bee sucking from the chalice of a flower and says it exits to suck the fragrance of flowers. A beekeeper, seeing the bee collect pollen from flowers and carry it to the hive, says that it exists to gather honey. Another beekeeper who has studied the life of the hive more closely says that the bee gathers pollen dust to feed the young bees and rear a queen, and that it exists to perpetuate its race. A botanist notices that the bee flying with the pollen of a make flower to a pistil fertilizes the latter, and sees in this the purpose of the bee's existence. Another, observing gthe migration of plants, notices that the bee helps in this work, and may say that in this lies the purpose of the bee. But the ultimate purpose of the bee is not exhausted by the first, the second, or any of the processes the human mind can discern. The higher the human intellect rises in the discovery of these purposes, the more obvious it becomes that the ultimate purpose is beyond our comprehension. All that is accessible to man is the
relation of the life of the bee to other manifestations of life. And so it is with
the purpose of historic characters and nations. |
Since 07-14-99
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